.
.
-being-attacked-by-two-cytotoxic-t-cells---945x532.png?sfvrsn=671d5369_4 "Immunotherapy - Oral squamous cancer cell (white) being attacked by two cytotoxic T cells (red) - 945x532")
Immunotherapy can extend the response of some head and neck tumours to treatment, maintaining the anti-tumour effects and preventing them from growing or spreading for longer, a study reports.
A new trial shows that amongst patients whose tumours were sensitive to immunotherapy, the treatment could keep their cancer from growing or spreading for longer and with fewer side effects than the previous standard of care therapy.
A personalised approach to immunotherapy
The findings of the KESTREL trial support the need for a personalised approach to immunotherapy treatments, as although these treatments work for a minority of patients, they can bring significant improvements in quality of life for those who respond.
As well as leading to long-lasting responses, the immunotherapy durvalumab, on its own or combined with another immunotherapy called tremelimumab, also led to fewer side effects in people with head and neck cancer which had spread or come back.
Fewer than 2 in 10 people on immunotherapy had severe side effects, compared to around half of the patients on the standard of care regimen.
An international trial
The results from the KESTREL study, led by an international team of researchers including scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, offer hope for the development of kinder first-line treatments for this hard-to-treat cancer.
The study was published in Annals of Oncology and was funded by AstraZeneca.
Overall, the trial did not meet its primary endpoint of improving overall survival (OS) versus the standard of care regimen of chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients whose tumours expressed high levels of the PD-L1 protein. Nonetheless, it provided important insights into the use of immunotherapy as part of first-line treatment for relapsed and/or metastatic head and neck cancer.
The study compared the effectiveness of durvalumab with or without tremelimumab to the current standard of care known as the EXTREME regimen – a combination of two different chemotherapies plus the targeted drug cetuximab.
KESTREL involved 823 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth or throat who had not received prior treatment. They were randomly assigned to one of three treatment options: durvalumab with tremelimumab, durvalumab alone, or the EXTREME regimen.
The researchers analysed how long patients lived overall, how long the response to treatment lasted, and how safe the treatments were.
Because durvalumab helps the immune system to find and attack cancer cells by blocking a protein called PD-L1, researchers also looked at PD-L1 levels in patients, in case it could help them predict who would be most likely to benefit from the immunotherapy.
Providing longer-lasting benefits than standard treatment
Around half of the patients who had initially responded to durvalumab or durvalumab plus tremelimumab (49.3 and 48.1 per cent, respectively) remained in response – meaning their tumours were not growing or spreading – after a year, compared to around one in ten (9.8 per cent) for those who had responded to the EXTREME regimen. This finding suggests that, for the minority of patients who respond to treatment, immunotherapy could provide longer-lasting benefits than the current standard.
Patients who received durvalumab on its own or plus tremelimumab did not live longer than those on the EXTREME regimen. The median overall survival for durvalumab with or without tremilimumab was 10.9 months, compared with a median of 11.2 months for EXTREME – indicating no significant difference in survival outcomes in patients with high levels of PD-L1, or all randomised patients.
However, researchers noted that some patients in the EXTREME group received additional immunotherapy after the study – due to other immunotherapy approvals, such as the approval of pembrolizumab and nivolumab as second-line treatment – which may have affected the outcomes and allowed these people to live longer.
Researchers also found that durvalumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab, which are given as a drip into a vein every four weeks, had fewer serious side effects compared to the EXTREME regimen.
Only 8.9 and 19.1 per cent of all randomised patients who had durvalumab or durvalumab plus tremelimumab, respectively, experienced severe side effects, compared to 53.1 per cent of patients who received the EXTREME regimen.
Some of the side effects included infections, blood and lymphatic system disorders such as low white blood cell count and low platelet count, and gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Further research to ensure more benefit from immunotherapy
Since immunotherapy showed promise by having longer-lasting responses and fewer side effects compared to the EXTREME regimen, the KESTREL findings highlight the need for further investigation into the potential of immunotherapy options for head and neck cancer.
At the ICR’s Centre for Translational Immunotherapy, clinicians and scientists are working together to realise the full potential of immunotherapy, so it can benefit many more cancer patients.
Professor Kevin Harrington, Professor of Biological Cancer Therapies at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, and Consultant Clinical Oncologist at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, who was involved in the KESTREL trial, said:
"Immunotherapy holds great potential as a kinder treatment option in head and neck cancers, potentially sparing patients from the need for harsh chemotherapy regimens. Even though patients on immunotherapy in this study lived for a similar amount of time as those on the current standard, those on immunotherapy faced fewer severe side effects and, for those who responded, they had longer-lasting responses to treatment.
"This study looked at how well immunotherapies worked for patients whose tumours are already sensitive to treatment, however we know that many patients are not yet able to benefit. There is an urgent need to understand better how immunotherapies work, and the underlying biology that determines which patients can benefit. This is a major focus for our lab at the ICR. With further research we hope to unlock the potential of immunotherapy so that more patients can benefit from a better quality of life and, in some cases, the chance of a cure."