Megan’s Rose of Hope

Megan’s Rose of Hope is very generously supporting the cancer research of Professor Janet Shipley, Group Leader of Sarcoma Molecular Pathology at the ICR.
Celebrating an outstanding year in corporate fundraising for Terry Fox

The Terry Fox Run UK had its most successful year of fundraising ever in 2024, in no small part due to the generous support of multiple companies from far and wide.
‘Leaving a gift in your Will is to leave a legacy of hope’ - Tina's Story

Tina Regan, 68, has been touched by cancer personally and has seen the devastating impact it has had on her immediate family. That is why she has pledged to leave a gift in her Will to fund our vital research.
Rudy A Menon skydiving
The Rudy A Menon Foundation

The Rudy A Menon Foundation funds brain cancer research including Gliomatosis Cerebri.
Cecelia and wife smiling in a woodland background
Creating new targeted treatment for ovarian cancer

Professor Udai Banerji has led a team responsible for the early development of a new targeted drug for ovarian cancer. This drug, which was created by researchers at our Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, works by targeting a protein called the alpha folate receptor.
Cecelia and wife smiling in a woodland background
Harnessing the immune system to defeat breast cancer

Dr Esther Arwert is working on identifying treatments to enhance the immunotherapy options available to people with breast cancer.
Headshot of a woman wearing a lab coat in a laboratory
Diana Zatreanu, Postdoctoral research fellow

The best thing about working at the ICR is the close-knit family feeling, which improves collaborations and scientific discoveries.
Marika Wiebe-Williams and William Anderson
Meet our Trusts Fundraising Manager

Nicola Shaw works in the ICR's Development Office as Trusts Fundraising Manager. She works with charitable trusts and family-led charities who support the ICR’s research. The majority of these charities have been set up by families who are fundraising in memory of a child they have lost to cancer.
Marika Wiebe-Williams and William Anderson
Marika set to run three marathons in a month for The ICR despite her incurable breast cancer

Avid runner Marika Wiebe-Williams swears cancer will not take her love of running away from her. She takes on the London, Milton Keynes, and Edinburgh marathons in a month to raise money for the Institute of Cancer Research, London, with her ‘running husband’ William Anderson.
Matt Nixon Husky Fundraiser
Matt rode 250km across Norway and Sweden on a husky sled to live by his late grandfather’s mantra

Author

Matt Nixon, 41, from Stratford upon Avon completed an arctic husky trail across Norway and Sweden in honour of his grandfather.
Adam Lee, ICR fundraiser and ultramarathon runner
And I would run 500 miles… for cancer research

Adam Lee, from Enfield, took on 12 ultra-marathons over the course of seven months to raise money for The Institute of Cancer Research and help ‘give something back’ after his mum was successfully treated for breast cancer.
Great North Run 2018 - ICR runners
Great North Run 2018

This year we had 10 fantastic runners joining #teamICR and running the Great North Run – the biggest half marathon in the country. The team came from all over the UK and were up in Newcastle upon Tyne running to raise money for the ICR.
Sarah Sexton and Janet Jennings running together
Fast friends run half marathon around London’s greatest landmarks

Janet Jennings and Sarah Sexton are running the London Landmarks Half Marathon to raise money for The Institute of Cancer Research, London, in memory of their mums who died from cancer.
Jess Oldfield - Team ICR London Marathon 2019 runner
Runner inspired by friend takes her place in #teamICR

Jess Oldfield has been inspired to raise money for The Institute of Cancer Research, London, after the death of her colleague and friend Marika Wiebe-Williams, who was a valued member of #teamICR.
Untitled design
Abbie’s Army join #teamICR for the London Marathon

This year, a team of three runners will be taking on the London Marathon for Abbie’s Army to raise money for childhood brain tumour research at The Institute of Cancer Research.
Jenny Walsh Team ICR London Marathon 2019 runner
Breast cancer survivor keeps running as a legacy to her father

Jenny Walsh is running the London Marathon following her recovery from breast cancer and the death of her father from stomach cancer.
Mark Gray - Team ICR London Marathon runner 2019
Marathon runner dedicates each mile to someone who had died from cancer

Mark Gray is running a ‘mile a memory’ at the London marathon. 26 miles will be dedicated to 26 people in Mark’s life who have died from cancer.
Amy Elvidge and her dad Mark at the London Marathon
Inspirational young woman smashes target of raising £21K for the ICR before 21st birthday

Amy Elvidge, a determined young woman from Southend-on-Sea has smashed her goal of raising £21,000 for cancer research before her 21st birthday in September 2019.
Supporter Story Rosemary Clouds rolling in 945x532
Librarian closes chapter on another charity challenge

Along with 15 other walkers, librarian Rosemary set off at the beginning of November to tackle the mountains of Kerala, India. The expedition took the group across the state of Kerala and over the Western Ghats – a UNESCO-listed mountain chain spanning six states.
Profile photograph of Tim Eisen
Tim Eisen

Completion date: PhD (clinical) 1995 Professor Tim Eisen completed his PhD in 1995 at the Marie Curie Research Institute in association with the Institute of Cancer Research. He is currently Head of External R&D and Strategic Alliances at AstraZeneca and Professor of Medical Oncology at the University of Cambridge. His special interests are the treatment of melanoma, lung and kidney cancers.


Research news

24/03/25

New research has provided insight into the biological mechanisms that may contribute to poor outcomes in certain cases of neuroblastoma – a cancer that develops in nerve tissue and primarily affects children.

A high-risk form of the disease that is progressive and difficult to treat is often associated with mutations in the ATRX gene, which controls the expression of multiple sections of the genome and plays a part in children’s development.

Using a range of techniques, the team, led by scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, uncovered how common ATRX alterations affect the local interactions between cancer cells and the body’s immune cells, known as the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME).

By building on this information, researchers should be able to strengthen the understanding of why children with these mutations typically have less positive outcomes. The findings should also drive international efforts to correlate ATRX status more closely with response to the treatments currently given in clinical trials, with the long-term aim of developing more effective treatment regimens for this patient subgroup.

The study was primarily funded by Neuroblastoma UK and Cancer Research UK, and the findings were published in the journal Cancer Letters.

Treatment needs to be more tailored

Currently, all children with high-risk neuroblastoma – with risk being determined by the child’s age and the stage and genetics of the cancer – are treated in the same way. They all receive chemotherapy and a type of immunotherapy called anti GD-2 antibody.

However, the chance of survival for these patients is only about 50 per cent, showing that this treatment approach is often not effective. Among the children who tend to have worse outcomes are those with ATRX alterations, which affect about 10 per cent of high-risk neuroblastoma patients.

Scientists consider people whose cancer has ATRX mutations to represent a specific subgroup of high-risk patients. This is because these alterations never occur alongside amplification of the MYCN gene, which affects about 35 per cent of high-risk patients.

It is not yet known whether neuroblastoma with ATRX mutations is more or less likely than other forms of the disease to respond to immunotherapy. This knowledge gap is limiting scientists’ ability to develop new targeted therapies specific to this patient subgroup.

Making headway in the search for answers

The motivation behind the current study was to try to explain, at least in part, why patients with ATRX-mutated tumours seem destined to face a slowly progressive, treatment-resistant disease course that ultimately results in a poor outcome.

To do this, the team used multiple investigative techniques, working with mouse models, cell lines with different types of ATRX mutations, sequencing datasets and patient samples.

Through a series of experiments, they were able to show that mutations in the ATRX gene lead to the activation of inflammation pathways, which, in turn, increases the recruitment of macrophages into the tumour. Macrophages are a type of immune cell that can, once part of the TIME, promote the survival of cancerous cells, thereby supporting tumour growth.

The scientists demonstrated that the level of immune cell infiltration in tumour samples with ATRX alterations was much higher than that in other subtypes of neuroblastoma, suggesting this may have a role in influencing responses to treatment.

The next stage is to determine whether these genetic alterations are associated with a response to the immunotherapy currently used as standard of care in children with neuroblastoma. If there is a clear link, clinicians could use ATRX status to determine the likely clinical response to this therapy.

“With each experiment, our findings were confirmed”

First author Federica Lorenzi, a Postdoctoral Training Fellow at The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), said:

“When we first saw the immune changes, we were very surprised and knew we needed to validate this finding in more research models. However, ATRX mutations are only found in one in 10 patients with neuroblastoma, which is a rare disease in itself, so we had few models to work with and very limited data about this subgroup of patients.

“It took us a long time to make new models and to find patient samples and datasets that would help us validate our findings. But with each experiment in a different model, our findings were confirmed.

“One of the challenges we now face is that we need better models of how neuroblastoma cells and immune cells interact. We are working on that as a priority to support further, vital research in this area.”

Senior author Dr Sally George, Group Leader of the Developmental Oncology Group at the ICR and Honorary Consultant Paediatric Oncologist at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, said:

“We are delighted to have furthered our understanding of this particular type of high-risk neuroblastoma. More research is needed to translate these findings into a better understanding of how differences in the TIME relate to response to immunotherapy and other agents, but we hope that this insight will contribute to improving outcomes in the future.

“Despite being the most common paediatric solid tumour outside of the brain, neuroblastoma remains challenging to treat in many cases. We are committed to working towards being able to offer each patient targeted treatment based on the genetics of their cancer, which we believe would save many children’s lives each year.”