Image: Lung cancer cells. Credit: Anne Weston, CC BY-NC 4.0
Lung cancer in non-smokers is a diverse and distinct disease from that in smokers, and is likely to respond differently to targeted treatments, a major new study shows.
Scientists studied a population in Taiwan with high rates of lung cancer among non-smokers and an early age of onset – and found a range of changes to genes and proteins which varied depending on a patient’s age or sex.
Tailoring treatment based on genetic changes
Many non-smokers with lung cancer had signs of DNA damage from environmental carcinogens, and young women in particular had particular genetic changes which are known to drive cancer to evolve aggressively.
The study – which was co-led by scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, alongside colleagues in Taiwan – could lead to new treatments for non-smokers with lung cancer tailored to the newly identified genetic changes.
The research, published in the journal Cell today, is the most comprehensive ever study of the biology of lung cancer in non-smokers. It was funded by Cancer Research UK and various institutions in Taiwan including the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Most comprehensive overview of non-smoking lung cancer biology to date
Scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) worked with colleagues at the Academia Sinica and the National Taiwan University to analyse tumour samples from 103 lung cancer patients from Taiwan – the majority of whom were non-smokers.
Around 10-15 per cent of lung cancers in the UK occur in people who have never smoked – but in East Asia, the proportion of lung cancers that occur in non-smokers is much higher, especially among women.
The researchers conducted a detailed analysis of genetic changes, gene activation, protein activity and cellular ‘switches’ in lung cancer to develop the most comprehensive overview of the biology of disease in non-smokers to date.
Early-stage lung tumours with late-stage biology
Looking at the genetics and the related proteins produced by cancer cells in the tumour samples, scientists found that some early-stage lung tumours in non-smokers were biologically similar to more advanced disease in smokers.
Tumours in women often had a particular fault in the well-known lung cancer gene EGFR, whereas in men the most common faults were in the KRAS and APC genes. These differences could affect the response to targeted drugs in men and women.
Picking out people with ‘late-like’ early-stage lung tumours could help guide treatment decisions, and patients could be monitored more closely for signs of their disease progressing.
Finding patients who might benefit more from immunotherapy
The study found a pattern of genetic changes involving the APOBEC gene family in three-quarters of tumours of female patients under the age of 60, and in all women without faults in the EGFR gene.
APOBEC proteins play an important role in the function of the immune system – but they can be hijacked by cancers, speeding up evolution and the emergence of drug resistance, a key area of study in the ICR’s new Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery.
Patients without EGFR faults tend to do better on immunotherapy, and so testing for APOBEC could help pick out women more likely to respond to this form of treatment.
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Environmental pollutants and lung cancer risk
The team also picked out groups of patients – particularly among older women – whose cancers had mutation patterns linked to cancer-causing substances in their environment such as pollutants.
Finally, the team identified 65 proteins that were overactive in lung tumours that matched with existing candidate drugs. They found that one protein that cuts away at the surrounding tissue, called MMP11, was linked to poorer survival – and could be explored as a marker for early detection.
While the new study looked at patients treated in Taiwan, the researchers believe that many of their findings could be applicable to UK patients. Next, they will be validating their findings in larger studies and beyond Asia.
Dr Jyoti Choudhary, Team Leader in Functional Proteomics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, said:
“We carried out the most comprehensive study ever conducted into the biology of lung cancers in an East-Asian population with a high proportion of non-smokers, and found that their disease is molecularly diverse, and distinct from what we classically see in smokers.
“We found distinct patterns of genetic faults in non-smokers and between women and men, which suggest that a woman who has never smoked, for example, is likely to respond differently to treatment than a male smoker.
“Some early-stage lung tumours had molecular features that are much more like that typically seen in later-stage disease – which could help us more accurately diagnose patients with aggressive disease, and inform treatment strategies.”
Professor Paul Workman, Chief Executive of The Institute of Cancer Research, London, said:
“This new study offers a deep dive into the biology of lung cancer in people who have never smoked. It reveals new ways of telling apart patients with different tumour characteristics that could be exploited with tailored treatment strategies.
“Lung cancer is the biggest cancer killer in the UK, and much of what we know about the disease comes from studies in smokers. I’m hopeful that the new insights gleaned in this new study will really step up precision medicine in lung cancer for non-smokers, so they can be offered smarter, kinder treatment options.”
Dr Emily Armstrong, research information manager at Cancer Research UK, said:
“In order to beat cancer, we need to understand all the ways it can develop. This research highlights just how much cancers can vary between people depending on their lifestyle and environment. Understanding the difference between lung cancers in smokers and non-smokers could be vital for providing patients with the most appropriate treatment.”